{ "Contributors": [ "Arya Tawde" ], "Source": [ "lj_speec" ], "URL": [ "https://huggingface.co/datasets/lj_speech" ], "Categories": [ "Named Entity Recognition" ], "Reasoning": [], "Definition": [ "This task is reading a paragraph and determining if it has proper nouns in it or not. A proper noun is a noun that designates a particular being or thing, does not take a limiting modifier, and is usually capitalized in English. The answer is true if at least one proper noun is present in the sentence, false otherwise." ], "Input_language": [ "English" ], "Output_language": [ "English" ], "Instruction_language": [ "English" ], "Domains": [ "Books" ], "Positive Examples": [ { "input": "Jack had a cat that lived thirteen lives.", "output": "True", "explanation": "Jack is a proper noun." }, { "input": "The Eiffel Tower is beautiful in the dark of night.", "output": "True", "explanation": "Eiffel Tower is a proper noun." }, { "input": "The shopkeeper asked for 5067 bucks.", "output": "False", "explanation": "There are no proper nouns in the sentence." } ], "Negative Examples": [ { "input": "The man is 67 years old.", "output": "True", "explanation": "There are no proper nouns in the above sentence, the answer should be False." }, { "input": "Marie placed 2nd in class.", "output": "False.", "explanation": "Marie is a proper noun, the answer should be True." } ], "Instances": [ { "id": "task1705-72277180668c4ce9a68e1ecb36d784f4", "input": "Printing, in the only sense with which we are at present concerned, differs from most if not from all the arts and crafts represented in the Exhibition", "output": [ "True" ] }, { "id": "task1705-d0954d8f3f3e41ecb4c40e541f76694c", "input": "are dazzling and unpleasant to the eye owing to the clumsy thickening and vulgar thinning of the lines:", "output": [ "False" ] }, { "id": "task1705-f734dbe59bf94620b9ab64f34d2a8790", "input": "With this change the art of printing touched bottom,", "output": [ "False" ] }, { "id": "task1705-ae51b59d0a8a4600a7813c1be2313128", "input": "For although the Chinese took impressions from wood blocks engraved in relief for centuries before the woodcutters of the Netherlands, by a similar process", "output": [ "True" ] }, { "id": "task1705-ea3c4bf1be4742eb853a345f444151bd", "input": "it is obvious that legibility is the first thing to be aimed at in the forms of the letters;", "output": [ "False" ] }, { "id": "task1705-819c19a913594a7f97caf1234352300a", "input": "this is best furthered by the avoidance of irrational swellings and spiky projections, and by the using of careful purity of line.", "output": [ "False" ] }, { "id": "task1705-c6b32e40ee094925b52553594ef1d2dc", "input": "the ends of many of the letters such as the t and e are hooked up in a vulgar and meaningless way,", "output": [ "False" ] }, { "id": "task1705-94207e84b17041a888d8ca018ad3cb9b", "input": "the earliest book printed with movable types, the Gutenberg, or \"forty-two line Bible\" of about 1455,", "output": [ "True" ] }, { "id": "task1705-a5244289f1f74096979c467ec85f1d3b", "input": "The first books were printed in black letter, i.e. the letter which was a Gothic development of the ancient Roman character,", "output": [ "True" ] }, { "id": "task1705-f943975970ae431cb4fe9cba4c0b46a4", "input": "On the whole the type of this book may be considered the ne-plus-ultra of Gothic type,", "output": [ "True" ] }, { "id": "task1705-5dd3250a21de43819f7dbf44a277ee39", "input": "especially as regards the lower-case letters; and type very similar was used during the next fifteen or twenty years not only by Schoeffer,", "output": [ "True" ] }, { "id": "task1705-c9df8dcf12ed4db08d482909d3b1d55a", "input": "but by printers in Strasburg, Basle, Paris, Lubeck, and other cities.", "output": [ "True" ] }, { "id": "task1705-09b22c73fcba4a95b8e054c66044439d", "input": "But though on the whole, except in Italy, Gothic letter was most often used", "output": [ "True" ] }, { "id": "task1705-1a830919caaf4809b2bdab0accc2480e", "input": "a very few years saw the birth of Roman character not only in Italy, but in Germany and France.", "output": [ "True" ] }, { "id": "task1705-6185fb2b66a344d899f5b7566e0d87a6", "input": "In 1465 Sweynheim and Pannartz began printing in the monastery of Subiaco near Rome,", "output": [ "True" ] }, { "id": "task1705-7b35ac5517374227ae5b7d953ac362e2", "input": "and used an exceedingly beautiful type, which is indeed to look at a transition between Gothic and Roman,", "output": [ "True" ] }, { "id": "task1705-27f2baf08f3044e1b5c0c0e3633b0ff9", "input": "but which must certainly have come from the study of the twelfth or even the eleventh century MSS.", "output": [ "True" ] }, { "id": "task1705-02fe0d16be3849b1b79b4ab9e4d96c7e", "input": "They printed very few books in this type, three only; but in their very first books in Rome, beginning with the year 1468,", "output": [ "True" ] }, { "id": "task1705-45477c5650344487ac41a602ff40a8e2", "input": "they discarded this for a more completely Roman and far less beautiful letter.", "output": [ "True" ] }, { "id": "task1705-5ec41b31273a45dca486fe884bf7fadc", "input": "But about the same year Mentelin at Strasburg began to print in a type which is distinctly Roman;", "output": [ "True" ] }, { "id": "task1705-bbab90c4e567464e96943bbc65e687a2", "input": "and the next year Gunther Zeiner at Augsburg followed suit;", "output": [ "True" ] }, { "id": "task1705-b72c90d957584c978e864b155e97156c", "input": "while in 1470 at Paris Udalric Gering and his associates turned out the first books printed in France, also in Roman character.", "output": [ "True" ] }, { "id": "task1705-e4afd256688848ce9d3679c0e57aa95f", "input": "The Roman type of all these printers is similar in character,", "output": [ "True" ] }, { "id": "task1705-1ff9db7d2b8744e1ba393e84908c78b3", "input": "and though more Roman than that, yet scarcely more like the complete Roman type of the earliest printers of Rome.", "output": [ "True" ] }, { "id": "task1705-e31974990fe3486c9497fa89e95a29de", "input": "A further development of the Roman letter took place at Venice.", "output": [ "True" ] }, { "id": "task1705-878b0d7e2aa340f386b63ddfe14d8b17", "input": "John of Spires and his brother Vindelin, followed by Nicholas Jenson, began to print in that city,", "output": [ "True" ] }, { "id": "task1705-c9d077e0464248c48a0014efe8a6a0bc", "input": "there is a grossness in the upper finishings of letters like the c, the a, and so on,", "output": [ "False" ] }, { "id": "task1705-1b4103f5056e426daebec064353bb459", "input": "an ugly pear-shaped swelling defacing the form of the letter:", "output": [ "False" ] }, { "id": "task1705-d8153e57aa6549629be85fad53528336", "input": "their type is on the lines of the German and French rather than of the Roman printers.", "output": [ "True" ] }, { "id": "task1705-48443e85c4044286b5a7cf6216428e1b", "input": "Of Jenson it must be said that he carried the development of Roman type as far as it can go:", "output": [ "True" ] }, { "id": "task1705-f9eeb18329f149128b83377196aa63d0", "input": "his letter is admirably clear and regular, but at least as beautiful as any other Roman type.", "output": [ "True" ] }, { "id": "task1705-2bc84c0968614596a9159f2abfc4ab4d", "input": "After his death in the \"fourteen eighties,\" or at least by 1490, printing in Venice had declined very much;", "output": [ "True" ] }, { "id": "task1705-ed4cfb9513ca47229f3828b110c0f6f3", "input": "and though the famous family of Aldus restored its technical excellence, rejecting battered letters,", "output": [ "True" ] }, { "id": "task1705-93a2947547424bca833079c5f59761e1", "input": "yet their type is artistically on a much lower level than Jenson's, and in fact", "output": [ "True" ] }, { "id": "task1705-48a370bad9ef4702abdc9f02850a2b12", "input": "they must be considered to have ended the age of fine printing in Italy.", "output": [ "True" ] }, { "id": "task1705-aac0e01474854596a9afd6e26ca285c0", "input": "some of which -- as, e.g., that of Jacobus Rubeus or Jacques le Rouge -- is scarcely distinguishable from his.", "output": [ "True" ] }, { "id": "task1705-32b1c66f7bd046ab9a238a9836c18e86", "input": "It was these great Venetian printers, together with their brethren of Rome, Milan,", "output": [ "True" ] }, { "id": "task1705-d9ab2cbe4fa147b594b9eb67612a1938", "input": "Parma, and one or two other cities, who produced the splendid editions of the Classics, which are one of the great glories of the printer's art,", "output": [ "True" ] }, { "id": "task1705-edcc0d97b8da45bfafdea76b0fa66132", "input": "and are worthy representatives of the eager enthusiasm for the revived learning of that epoch. By far,", "output": [ "True" ] }, { "id": "task1705-a7a5a1264b6f4961a99884a7ba9ef8fa", "input": "the greater part of these Italian printers, it should be mentioned, were Germans or Frenchmen, working under the influence of Italian opinion and aims.", "output": [ "True" ] }, { "id": "task1705-ce5866c177c74bf89c36e52d7aef64d8", "input": "Even in Italy most of the theological and law books were printed in Gothic letter,", "output": [ "True" ] }, { "id": "task1705-5b7d4779afa845779756dfdd832113d3", "input": "which was generally more formally Gothic than the printing of the German workmen,", "output": [ "True" ] }, { "id": "task1705-85f822549ae1444d978ce3b96a80482e", "input": "many of whose types, indeed, like that of the Subiaco works, are of a transitional character.", "output": [ "True" ] }, { "id": "task1705-0b5fd3693fdc4fd0952e49a6c794b19c", "input": "This was notably the case with the early works printed at Ulm, and in a somewhat lesser degree at Augsburg.", "output": [ "True" ] }, { "id": "task1705-9b4671aabddc4410bb2144b593544d12", "input": "In fact Gunther Zeiner's first type (afterwards used by Schussler) is remarkably like the type of the before-mentioned Subiaco books.", "output": [ "True" ] }, { "id": "task1705-2e0c95780b7d4767aca4e76045b98818", "input": "In the Low Countries and Cologne, which were very fertile of printed books, Gothic was the favorite.", "output": [ "True" ] }, { "id": "task1705-580b3ebec06d4657bad8b2abb6bd1ac6", "input": "The characteristic Dutch type, as represented by the excellent printer Gerard Leew, is very pronounced and uncompromising Gothic.", "output": [ "True" ] }, { "id": "task1705-4636d32c3c5447cf8fc16e7938689d2f", "input": "After the end of the fifteenth century the degradation of printing, especially in Germany and Italy,", "output": [ "True" ] }, { "id": "task1705-3425e902bef140f480cca5ed78ea9bff", "input": "in being comparatively modern.", "output": [ "False" ] }, { "id": "task1705-7b4b6c31750d4970b08faca0dd3eab1d", "input": "produced the block books, which were the immediate predecessors of the true printed book,", "output": [ "False" ] }, { "id": "task1705-4b521cf10c2c43bc99cb269fe647acb9", "input": "the invention of movable metal letters in the middle of the fifteenth century may justly be considered as the invention of the art of printing.", "output": [ "False" ] }, { "id": "task1705-c6e42c0d463c487891964200c4565703", "input": "And it is worth mention in passing that, as an example of fine typography,", "output": [ "False" ] }, { "id": "task1705-f43162756c04424bb339010267a0e202", "input": "has never been surpassed.", "output": [ "False" ] }, { "id": "task1705-ad7e988e713c4280adfdc8e9287091f5", "input": "Printing, then, for our purpose, may be considered as the art of making books by means of movable types.", "output": [ "False" ] }, { "id": "task1705-637a9218b5114172b0077ec4f323fd24", "input": "And it was a matter of course that in the Middle Ages, when the craftsmen took care that beautiful form should always be a part of their productions whatever they were,", "output": [ "True" ] }, { "id": "task1705-eedbec217ae34a6dad552a27b910d907", "input": "The Middle Ages brought calligraphy to perfection, and it was natural therefore", "output": [ "True" ] }, { "id": "task1705-5ecbc60bf6124ce69a4bae55c6dcdb55", "input": "Now, as all books not primarily intended as picture-books consist principally of types composed to form letterpress,", "output": [ "False" ] }, { "id": "task1705-76eed88e9fc74c66a8da71e7b58bcb35", "input": "the Roman letter was used side by side with the Gothic.", "output": [ "True" ] }, { "id": "task1705-5e8a7bb5932c4f219dab30c494d457e4", "input": "it is of the first importance that the letter used should be fine in form;", "output": [ "False" ] }, { "id": "task1705-80dd00217b52404eb2c2878aefd6457d", "input": "the \"lower-case\" being in fact invented in the early Middle Ages.", "output": [ "True" ] }, { "id": "task1705-2089f6b01d97469ca5fc44be8ae442e2", "input": "The earliest book printed with movable type, the aforesaid Gutenberg Bible, is printed in letters which are an exact imitation", "output": [ "True" ] }, { "id": "task1705-1e85e5af990a4d40b45f5cac4c61831e", "input": "But the first Bible actually dated (which also was printed at Maintz by Peter Schoeffer in the year 1462)", "output": [ "True" ] }, { "id": "task1705-d51a44918c4041c6adc4434c0798a6c2", "input": "especially as no more time is occupied, or cost incurred, in casting, setting, or printing beautiful letters", "output": [ "False" ] }, { "id": "task1705-183c4454be8040e5bfd7ca73a259cf74", "input": "than in the same operations with ugly ones.", "output": [ "False" ] }, { "id": "task1705-2e1734d1764640a1970edd164be648b7", "input": "the forms of printed letters should be beautiful, and that their arrangement on the page should be reasonable and a help to the shapeliness of the letters themselves.", "output": [ "False" ] }, { "id": "task1705-279178315e0e47a5836a30474ecc7355", "input": "that the forms of printed letters should follow more or less closely those of the written character, and they followed them very closely.", "output": [ "False" ] }, { "id": "task1705-8a9c4ee1423244a1aa3ba80e0202d4dc", "input": "and which developed more completely and satisfactorily on the side of the \"lower-case\" than the capital letters;", "output": [ "False" ] }, { "id": "task1705-4a67ad1166b54200aad0b82dac0a1662", "input": "of the more formal ecclesiastical writing which obtained at that time; this has since been called \"missal type,\"", "output": [ "False" ] }, { "id": "task1705-02d76f2204c1444ab6b93f7548dcd25e", "input": "This type was introduced into England by Wynkyn de Worde, Caxton's successor,", "output": [ "True" ] }, { "id": "task1705-b830ed287efc4398bdb5ee2b15800276", "input": "Most of Caxton's own types are of an earlier character, though they also much resemble Flemish or Cologne letter.", "output": [ "True" ] }, { "id": "task1705-94ba234a10d1407fb2f0c8b5e06807f4", "input": "and was in fact the kind of letter used in the many splendid missals, psalters, etc., produced by printing in the fifteenth century.", "output": [ "False" ] }, { "id": "task1705-78f038e4954e4bff8cbf3f0d11576ee4", "input": "imitates a much freer hand, simpler, rounder, and less spiky, and therefore far pleasanter and easier to read.", "output": [ "False" ] }, { "id": "task1705-76428996d45d4dab936454c8d97d40a0", "input": "It must be said that it is in no way like the transition type of Subiaco,", "output": [ "True" ] }, { "id": "task1705-d20aad6b565443738d4a270715370412", "input": "and is very simple and legible, and unaffectedly designed for use; but it is by no means without beauty.", "output": [ "False" ] }, { "id": "task1705-6e65a0b3ff2d4831a6adf081c3a85244", "input": "1469, 1470;", "output": [ "False" ] }, { "id": "task1705-6851b945701e4456b241f333197cbd57", "input": "and paying great attention to the \"press work\" or actual process of printing,", "output": [ "False" ] }, { "id": "task1705-55fe9c3f014541bc8d7cf374e2945ce1", "input": "Jenson, however, had many contemporaries who used beautiful type,", "output": [ "False" ] }, { "id": "task1705-3069a0c691c94653a25df59f841bbd6d", "input": "It must be understood that through the whole of the fifteenth and the first quarter of the sixteenth centuries", "output": [ "False" ] }, { "id": "task1705-c34caf90777d4bed8b03ec109eafdfbc", "input": "and was used there with very little variation all through the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and indeed into the eighteenth.", "output": [ "False" ] }, { "id": "task1705-e1d0a15b4542452aae5c144cf7a3fb65", "input": "went on apace; and by the end of the sixteenth century there was no really beautiful printing done:", "output": [ "False" ] }, { "id": "task1705-aafcac1650414864a7b56c5b441550ae", "input": "and things got worse and worse through the whole of the seventeenth century, so that in the eighteenth printing was very miserably performed.", "output": [ "False" ] }, { "id": "task1705-2e1852ea25a04fec867e3f5d8d790bd3", "input": "to improve the letter in form.", "output": [ "False" ] }, { "id": "task1705-c0e49a69b79240979338189d782bbb02", "input": "Caslon's type is clear and neat, and fairly well designed;", "output": [ "False" ] }, { "id": "task1705-191118ee86fa4dbcbc9737d13a5fe4f9", "input": "type cast from his matrices is still in everyday use.", "output": [ "False" ] }, { "id": "task1705-93ff2b2a8f224119a07588bc10f7f65b", "input": "In spite, however, of his praiseworthy efforts, printing had still one last degradation to undergo.", "output": [ "False" ] }, { "id": "task1705-4015b116a9044408a7baa30f547e10e2", "input": "The seventeenth century founts were bad rather negatively than positively.", "output": [ "False" ] }, { "id": "task1705-bab181caaaa04031b673a2b61597eb84", "input": "But for the beauty of the earlier work they might have seemed tolerable.", "output": [ "False" ] }, { "id": "task1705-9191760b670947008f3fbef2a0398291", "input": "It was reserved for the founders of the later eighteenth century to produce letters which are positively ugly, and which, it may be added,", "output": [ "False" ] }, { "id": "task1705-0450c3ffc1a54b7a9516324ede46b5ca", "input": "so far as fine printing is concerned, though paper did not get to its worst till about 1840.", "output": [ "False" ] }, { "id": "task1705-7adbe83593624dc48c9656c916c03b15", "input": "were induced to cut punches for a series of \"old style\" letters.", "output": [ "False" ] }, { "id": "task1705-697f99ee5c8d413db1ced641060aaca7", "input": "These and similar founts, cast by the above firm and others,", "output": [ "False" ] }, { "id": "task1705-dc82a7077d1d4fdabfaddab3916de9cd", "input": "and the whole effect is a little too gray, owing to the thinness of the letters.", "output": [ "False" ] }, { "id": "task1705-36dc0fdad11b48f8a49d6b37f74d0851", "input": "It must be remembered, however, that most modern printing is done by machinery on soft paper, and not by the hand press,", "output": [ "False" ] }, { "id": "task1705-a1c22c79a38148d5a9fa234119fbb71d", "input": "and these somewhat wiry letters are suitable for the machine process, which would not do justice to letters of more generous design.", "output": [ "False" ] }, { "id": "task1705-458f0ef6dbde44e6b6d68cdbc1d53d2d", "input": "but the general revival of the old forms has made no way in those countries.", "output": [ "False" ] }, { "id": "task1705-176e9aa725634e1089135aa46ee09e68", "input": "Italy is contentedly stagnant.", "output": [ "False" ] }, { "id": "task1705-d3c973c949634af3a3a816256c4dee4d", "input": "America has produced a good many showy books, the typography, paper, and illustrations of which are, however, all wrong,", "output": [ "False" ] }, { "id": "task1705-cfa79fd98f1e442d890da7ed237288af", "input": "oddity rather than rational beauty and meaning being apparently the thing sought for both in the letters and the illustrations.", "output": [ "False" ] }, { "id": "task1705-901a41a5507042d9aed261d39b62a61e", "input": "To say a few words on the principles of design in typography:", "output": [ "False" ] }, { "id": "task1705-b97eac3427b6475aa80d20737c6e4c1e", "input": "in short, it happens to this craft, as to others, that the utilitarian practice, though it professes to avoid ornament,", "output": [ "False" ] } ], "Instance License": [ "LibriVox: Public Domain (https://librivox.org/pages/public-domain/)" ] }